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Waterguard Work at Customs Airports |
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Louis Blériot was the first man to fly an aircraft into the UK from abroad. He flew over the English Channel on July 25, 1909 to arrive on the cliffs above Dover in an aircraft of his own design - the Blériot XI - to achieve the world's first flight over a large body of water in a heavier-than-air craft. Although the Collector had given strict instructions to his staff that any attempt to impose Customs regulations on anyone engaged in 'aerial navigation' would tend only to bring the Department into disrepute, there was a story in the Waterguard that George Camburn, the Preventive Man on hand, interviewed Monsieur Bleriot and as it was the first ever aircraft to arrive from abroad, and therefore not covered by any Official Instructions of the time, the ever adaptable officer decided to issue pratique, treating the aircraft as a private yacht, and the pilot as master and owner. By so doing George Camburn had set the precedent for treating all aircraft as vessels. That day the Collector Dover wrote to the Commissioners of Customs & Excise ' I have to report that Monsieur Bleriot with his monoplane, successfully crossed the channel from Calais this morning and landed in a meadow on the east side of Dover Castle, about two miles from our watch house shortly after 5am, having occupied 33 minutes in the crossing . . . . . I visited the spot where he landed at 6.30am, and got into conversation with an individual largely interested in the Wright aeroplane, who gave his opinion that although airships (sic) will never come into commercial use, there are great possibilities for them, and I think that a time may come when this Department will have to treat their arrivals seriously, and take steps to ensure that no opportunity be given for Revenue interests to suffer through indiscriminate landings of airships in this country'.
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In 1919, following from the International Conference on Air Navigation, aeroplanes were only allowed to take off and arrive at approved aerodromes. Four such aerodromes were approved - New Holland, Hadleigh, Lympne, and Hounslow Heath. In 1928 Croydon became the first specially built Customs aerodrome, and Hounslow Heath was closed. By 1936 London had two approved aerodromes, one at Croydon and the other at Heston, both staffed by Officers from London Port on monthly spells of duty.
In 1944 the decision was taken to build a new airport for London at Heathrow, and the first scheduled flight left in May 1946 from the tented accommodation alongside the Bath Road. It was not until 1955 that the first terminal building was erected in the central area. As with Croydon previously, the new London Airport at Heathrow was placed under the control of the Collector London Port, but by January 1951 traffic had grown to such an extent that the airport, together with Blackbushe and Northolt, was made a Collection in its own right.
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Only certain airports were Customs Approved for aircraft to arrive from, or depart for a foreign destination. These airports were published in Air Navigation Orders after consultation between the The Air Ministry - later Ministry of Defence (Air), The Commissioners of Customs and Excise and HM Immigration.
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| AS AT | NAME | LOCATION |
USERS |
WATERGUARD COVER | ||||||||||||||||
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| 1938 & 1950 | Belfast (Nutts Corner, Newtonards) Airport |
County Down, Northern Ireland |
Passengers, Baggage & Freight |
Belfast Docks | ||||||||||||||||
| 1950 | Birmingham (Elmdon) Airport | Elmdon, Birmingham |
Passengers, Baggage & Freight |
Elmdon Airport | ||||||||||||||||
| 1950 | Blackbushe Airport | Camberley, Surrey |
Passengers, Baggage & Freightl |
Blackbushe Airport | ||||||||||||||||
| 1938 | Blackpool (Stanley Park) Airport | Blackpool, Lancashire | Passengers & Baggage Only | |||||||||||||||||
| 1950 | Bovingdon Airport | Bovingdon, Herts. |
Passengers, Baggage & Freight |
Bovingdon Airport | ||||||||||||||||
| 1938 | Brighton, Hove & Wothing Airport | Sussex |
Passengers, Baggage & Freight |
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| 1938 & 1950 | Bristol (Whitchurch) Airport |
Whitchurch, Bristol |
Passengers, Baggage & Freight |
Custom House, Bristol | ||||||||||||||||
| 1938 & 1950 | Cardiff (Pengham Moors, Splott) Airport | Glamorgan, South Wales |
Passengers & Baggage Only (1938) Passengers, Baggage & Freight (1950) |
Roath Basin, Cardiff | ||||||||||||||||
| 1938 | Carlisle Airport | Carlisle, Cumberland |
Passengers, Baggage & Freight |
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| 1938 | Doncaster Airport | Doncaster, Yorkshire |
Passengers, Baggage & Freight |
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| 1950 | Dunsfold Airport | Cranleigh, Surrey |
Freight Only |
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| 1950 | Edinburgh (Turnhouse) Airport | Edinburgh, Scotland |
Passengers, Baggage & Freight |
Victoria Dock, Leith | ||||||||||||||||
| 1938 & 1950 | Exeter Airport | Clyst Honiton, Devon |
Passengers, Baggage & Freight |
Custom House, Exemouth | ||||||||||||||||
| 1938 & 1950 | Gatwick Airport | Horley, Surrey |
Passengers, Baggage & Freight |
Gatwick Airport | ||||||||||||||||
| 1938 | Gravesend (Chalk) Airport | Gravesend, Kent |
Passengers, Baggage & Freight |
Gravesend | ||||||||||||||||
| 1938 | Hull (Hedon) Airport | Hull, Yorkshire |
Passengers, Baggage & Freight |
Hull | ||||||||||||||||
| 1950 | Hurn Airport | Christchurch, Hampshire |
Passengers, Baggage & Freight |
Pool, Dorset | ||||||||||||||||
| 1938 | Leicester (Braunstone) Airport | Braunstone, Leicestershire |
Passengers, Baggage & Freight |
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| 1950 | Liverpool (Speke) Airport | Liverpool, Lancashire |
Passengers, Baggage & Freight |
Liverpool Docks | ||||||||||||||||
| 1938 | London (Croydon) Airport | Croydon, Surrey |
Passengers, Baggage & Freight |
Croydon Airport | ||||||||||||||||
| 1938 & 1950 |
London (Heathrow) Airport |
Heathrow, Middlesex |
Passengers, Baggage & Freight |
Heathrow Airport | ||||||||||||||||
| 1950 |
London (Heston) Airport |
Heston, Middlesex |
Passengers, Baggage & Freight |
Heston Airport | ||||||||||||||||
| 1938 & 1950 | Lympne Airport | Hythe, Kent |
Passengers, Baggage & Freight |
Lympne Airport | ||||||||||||||||
| 1938 & 1950 | Manchester (Barton) Airport | Manchester. Lancashire |
Passengers, Baggage & Freight |
Manchester | ||||||||||||||||
| 1950 | Manston Airport | RAF Manston, Kent |
Joint-Use Passengers, Baggage & Freight |
RAF Manston | ||||||||||||||||
| 1938 & 1950 | Newcastle-upon-Tyne (Woolsingham) Airport | Woolsingham, Newcastle |
Passengers, Baggage & Freight (1938) Passengers & Baggage Only (1950) |
Newcastle Docks | ||||||||||||||||
| 1950 | Northolt Airport | Ruislip, Middlesex |
Joint-Use Passengers, Baggage & Freight |
Northolt Airport | ||||||||||||||||
| 1950 | Prestwick Airport | Prestwick, Ayrshire |
Passengers, Baggage & Freight |
Prestwick Airport | ||||||||||||||||
| 1938 & 1950 | Plymouth (Roborough) Airport | Roborough, Devon |
Passengers, Baggage & Freight |
Plymouth | ||||||||||||||||
| 1938 | Portsmouth Airport | Portsmouth, Hampshire |
Passengers, Baggage & Freight |
Portsmouth | ||||||||||||||||
| 1938 | Ramsgate Airport | Ramsgate, Kent |
Passengers, Baggage & Freight |
Dover | ||||||||||||||||
| 1938 & 1950 | Renfrew Airport | Glasgow, Scotland |
Passengers, Baggage & Freight |
Glasgow | ||||||||||||||||
| 1938 & 1950 | Ronaldsway (Isle of Man) Airport | Isle of Man |
Passengers, Baggage & Freight |
Castletown, Isle of Man | ||||||||||||||||
| 1938 & 1950 | Southampton - Atlantic Park - (Eastleigh) Airport | Swaything, Hampshire |
Passengers, Baggage & Freight |
Southampton Docks | ||||||||||||||||
| 1950 | Southend (Rochford) Airport | Rochford, Essex |
Passengers, Baggage & Freight |
Southend | ||||||||||||||||
| 1950 | Valley |
Joint-Use Passengers & Baggage Only |
Salt Island, Holyhead | |||||||||||||||||
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| AS AT | NAME | LOCATION |
USERS |
WATERGUARD COVER | ||||||||||||||||
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| 1938 |
Harwich Water Airport |
Harwich, Essex |
Passengers, Baggage & Freight |
Harwich | ||||||||||||||||
| 1938 | Liverpool (River Mersey) | Liverpool, Lancashire |
Passengers & Baggage Only |
Liverpool | ||||||||||||||||
| 1938 & 1950 | Southampton Water Airport | Southampton, Hampshire |
Passengers, Baggage & Freight |
Southampton | ||||||||||||||||
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| AS AT | NAME | LOCATION |
USERS |
WATERGUARD COVER | ||||||||||||||||
| 1938 | Cardington |
Bedford, Bedfordshire |
Passengers, Baggage & Freight |
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| AS AT | NAME | LOCATION |
USERS |
WATERGUARD COVER | ||||||||||||||||
| 1950 | RAF Aldergrove |
Belfast Northern Ireland |
RAF |
Belfast Docks | ||||||||||||||||
| 1950 | RAF Hendon |
Ruislip, Middlesex |
Joint RAF & Civilian Use |
Northolt Airport | ||||||||||||||||
| 1950 | RAF Lakenheath | Lakenheath, Suffolk |
USAF |
RAF Honington | ||||||||||||||||
| 1950 | RAF Lyneham | Chippenham, Wiltshire |
RAF |
RAF Lyneham | ||||||||||||||||
| 1950 | RAF Manston | Manston, Kent |
Joint RAF & Civilian Use Passengers Only |
RAF Manston | ||||||||||||||||
| 1950 | RAF Northolt |
Ruislip, Middlesex |
Joint RAF & Civilian Use |
Northolt Airport | ||||||||||||||||
| 1950 | RAF Oakington | Camebridgeshire |
RAF |
RAF Oakington | ||||||||||||||||
| 1950 | RAF St. Eval | Cornwall |
RAF |
Custom House, Falmouth | ||||||||||||||||
| 1950 | RAF Tangmere | Chichester, Sussex |
RAF |
RAF Tangemere | ||||||||||||||||
| 1950 | RAF Valley | Anglesea, North Wales |
RAF |
Salt Island, Holyhead | ||||||||||||||||
| 1950 | RAF Waddington | Lincolnshire |
RAF |
Royal Dock, Grimsby | ||||||||||||||||
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| AS AT | NAME | LOCATION |
USERS |
WATERGUARD COVER | ||||||||||||||||
| 1950 | Pembroke Dock | Pembroke Dock, South Wales |
Joint RAF & Civilian Use |
Neyland or Milford Haven | ||||||||||||||||
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Pilots of aircraft arriving from abroad were required to bring the aircraft to the Examination Station - a place approved by the Commissioners of Customs and Excise for the boarding and inspection by Customs Officers, and the disembarkation of passengers and the importation of any freight. After the Boarding Officer had received a satisfactory Declaration of Health and was satisfied there were no Health problems on board the aircraft, the passengers were allowed to disembark and proceed to the baggage hall, the officer dealt with the surplus stores on board the aircraft and the crew's declared personal effects. At a busy airport such as Heathrow, the Boarding Staff normally worked a 'three legged watch' system giving 24 hour cover for 365 days a year. If any irregularities were discovered during Boarding the Smuggling Regulations were applied. |
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Duty free stores for use on an aircraft were normally packed and carried in bar boxes. Before landing at a UK airport the contents of the bar boxes were counted and a declaration form was presented to the Boarding Officer. The contents of the boxes were checked and the boxes sealed.
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Surplus Stores remaining on board the aircraft for the outward flight were itmised on a declaration form C911. Select the 'button' on the right to see a copy of a C911. |
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Surplus Stores being landed were either cleared to payment of duty or transferred to a Bonded Store Floor or Warehouse on presentation of a form XS144. |
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Select the 'button' on the right to view a copy of a customised Britannia Airways XS 144 presented at Luton Airport in 1971. |
The crews of commercial aircraft personal stores and effects, either for landing or remaining on board for re-export, were declared against the aircrew's signature. If the declared goods were to be landed they were cleared to a personal allowance or payment of any duty.
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Select the 'button' on the right for details of the crew's Duty Free Concessions - Allowances - reproduced from the 1965 'Green Book'. |
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Duty free stores for aircraft departing abroad were granted and presented, normally in sealed bar boxes together with form XS143, and loaded on the aircraft. The Preventive staff checked the boxes were sealed and if not, checked the contents against the list on the XS 143, sealed the bar box and gave a certificate of shipment on the XS 143. Select the 'button' on the right to view a PDF copy of an XS 143 presented at Birmingham Airport. |
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Duty free stores for sale to passengers, or for the passengers use in flight, are stored on board the aircraft in small transportable containers known as 'bar boxes'. On arrival in the UK the surplus stores from the flight were listed and declared to the Boarding Officer and either landed to a Bonded Stores Floor - Warehoused - or remained on board for use on the outward flight. Either way the bar boxes were sealed by the boarding officer to protect the potential revenue. A length of string threaded through a lead plomb secured the box. The seal was applied to the plomb and string with special pliers which impressed a 'customs seal' in the lead.
APOs applying a Customs Seal to a Bar Box during training at Northolt in 1947 |
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In the 1963 the first 'special' bonded warehouse, with an associated Duty Free Shop, was set up at London Heathrow Airport to provide passengers with the facility to buy both foreign and British manufactured cameras and photographic goods, optical instruments, clocks and watches, perfumes, mechanical lighters, fountain pens and pencils, free of duty and/or purchase tax for immediate exportation.
This facility was quickly expanded to include wines and spirits, but whilst the goods they sold were free of duty, they were not free of profit and in 1968 it was possible to buy a bottle of duty paid sherry in an 'off licence' cheaper than at the duty free shop in Heathrow's Terminal 2!
Initially the goods had to be ordered and paid for by the passenger in the duty free shop and then the goods were delivered, packaged and sealed, to the appropriate aircraft. Preventive staff attended the aircraft to certify shipment. By the late 1960's the passenger had possession of the goods at the time of payment and the point of shipment had moved to the Waterguard outward control point in the departure lounges.
In time, this 'system' of 'special' bonded warehouses, with or without an associated Duty Free Shop, was extended to other Customs approved airports.
The rummage of aircraft called for a more delicate approach than that for vessels. An aircraft's 'machinery' and equipment is more delicate and is compactly packaged in a more confined space. As such it's more difficult to gain access and any deep access carries a greater risk of damage to vital parts - and the associated risk to passengers' lives. Deep and comprehensive rummage of aircraft was normally confined to periods when the aircraft was taken out of service for maintenance. Qualified aircraft engineers would also be on hand at these times.
Most commercial aircraft have a turn round time of less than an hour during which they are cleaned and re-stocked with food and drinks. Rummage during this period would be restricted to cupboards, food and drink stowage areas, toilets, luggage racks and seat pockets. Rummage Crews at airports were also generally responsible for the Examination of Crews' Baggage and the occasional search of airside vehicles carrying passengers' baggage, aircraft stores and engineering equipment.
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